Low cost and abundant fossil fuels have driven the U.S. beef industry toward greater dependence on feed grains as the major feedstuff for finished beef cattle production. Further, it has led to a centralized beef cattle feeding and processing system concentrated in the High Plains states. Low cost fuel and mechanization of harvesting of forages allowed cow-calf producers to calve in late winter, which produced older heavier calves in the fall. The stocker industry evolved as a cushion between the cow-calf producer, stabilizing the flow of cattle into the feedlots and resulting in a steady flow out of the feedlots, through the processing plants, and into the retail market. In the future, other domesticated species and biofuel demands will out bid beef cattle for feed grains and transportation cost of live and processed beef cattle will increase. As a result, a greater proportion of our finished beef supply must come from foragebased diets harvested by grazing beef cattle and the final product will be processed nearer to the consumer to lower food miles and total cost of the finished product. Improving forage quality, extending the grazing season, selecting beef cattle that are efficient converters of forages into body weigh gain, and developing sustainable forage-based grazing production systems will be imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop Science, volume 51, issue 2, pages 410-419

Grazing studies conducted to determine which class of livestock was most susceptible to TMV, record clinical signs of poisoning under range conditions, and determine the efficacy of protein supplements for prevention of TMV poisoning.

Journal of Range Management, volume 56, pages 266-272

astragalus miser var, detoxification, poisonous plants, protein supplements, serotinus

Allicin, diallyl thiosulfinate, has a strong antibacterial activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible use of allicin as a formaldehyde alternative on broiler breeder hatching eggs. The lowest microbial counts on the eggs were obtained from formaldehyde followed by allicin. Microbial counts slightly decreased with the increasing allicin concentrations. Compared to the positive control formaldehyde, allicin treatment lowered the early and late embryonic mortality, and feed conversion ratio, but increased the discarded chick rate, pipping rate and hatchability of the fertile eggs. Allicin concentrations had no significant effect either on hatching or chick growth and development after hatching. These results imply that allicin had a potential as a hatching egg disinfectant since allicin had no detrimental effect on the developing embryo.

Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, volume 25, issue 3, pages 2494-2498

allicin, egg disinfectant, hatching egg

This study was carried out to determine whether oregano (Origanum onites) essential oil works as a disinfectant for hatching egg obtained from broiler breeder flock. Oregano essential oil was applied at two doses 0.55 and 0.75 µl/cm3 and two exposure times, 3 and 6 h. The formaldehyde treated eggs were used as positive control and untreated eggs used as negative control. After chemical analysis, the main constituents of oregano essential oil were carvacrol, linalool, para-cymene and ?-terpinene. The lowest microbial counts on eggs were obtained from oregano essential oil. Microbial inhibition increased with the increasing essential oil concentrations. Essential oil exposure times had no significant effects on microbial counts. Essential oil fumigation lowered middle embryonic mortality and discarded chick rate, but increased early and late embryonic mortalities compared to formaldehyde treatment. Essential oil doses significantly affected late embryonic mortality, discarded chicks rate, contamination rate, hatchability of fertile egg, body weight at 21 and 42 days, body weight gain and total feed consumption. But, early and middle embryonic mortality were not significantly affected by treatments. These results imply that oregano essential oil had great potential for hatching egg disinfectant and it could be used as natural egg disinfectant.

African Journal of Biotechnology, volume 8, issue 17, pages 2531-2538

bio-fumigation, egg disinfectant, hatching egg, origanum onites

Thesis

The objective of present study was the comparison of trans-11 18:1 (VA) and cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations in the rumen and different tissues in beef cattle, and to examine the diet and breed effects on the compound concentration and deposition. Sixty-four German Holstein and German Simmental bulls were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments, based on concentrate or pasture. The concentration of cis-9,trans-11 CLA and VA in rumen, duodenal digesta and different tissues was determined by gas chromatography. The results showed that pasture relative to concentrate feeding significantly increased the concentration of VA in duodenal digesta, plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids. Pasture-based feeding resulted in a significant enrichment of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in plasma lipids and erythrocyte phospholipids, but not in rumen and duodenal digesta, compared to concentrate-fed diet. Diet did not affect the cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations (mg/100 g fresh tissue) in semitendinosus muscle and subcutaneous fat. There was a breed effect on the deposition of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in longissimus muscle with lower concentration in pasture-fed German Simmental bulls compared to concentrate-fed bulls. However, pasture feeding significantly increased both, the VA and cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations in liver and heart tissues. Both diet and breed effects on Delta(9)-desaturase index was observed in muscle and subcutaneous fat tissues. There was a linear relationship between the concentration of VA and cis-9,trans-11 CLA and the coefficients of determination (R (2)) varied between 0.29 and 0.87 from rumen to the different tissues.

Lipids, volume 42, issue 12, pages 1093-1103

beef, blood, cla, digesta, muscle, pasture, rumen, vaccenic acid

No abstract provided.

landscaping, roadside, flora, improvement

(Abstract not available.)

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